Decline of the Ottoman Empire Free Essays

Decrease of the Ottoman Empire The historical backdrop of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century is one of expanding inner shortcoming and disintegration. When a super force, the Ottoman Empire fell as a result of a blend of interior degeneration and outer weights. Loss of monetary essentialness came about as Europe went to Africa for exchange and depended on the Americas instead of the Ottoman mediator. We will compose a custom exposition test on Decrease of the Ottoman Empire or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Industrialized Europe before long outperformed obsolete Ottoman customs. Helpless authority offered approach to loss of brought together control, and at last, its breakdown. Footstool decay happened because of financial troubles, military issues, and downfall of political structure (debasement in government). One of the primary driver of the decrease of the Ottoman Empire was the decrease in misfortunes because of exchange, alongside many smothering financial issues. At a certain point, the Ottoman Empire was the focal point of exchange, because of its area. As innovation progressed, and wayfarers found new pieces of the world, the Ottoman Empire turned out to be less of an impact in exchange. This pattern began as ahead of schedule as the 1580s, when Omer Talib, an Ottoman geographer, cautioned the Sultan of the danger. He stated, â€Å"Now the Europeans have figured out how to know the entire world; they send their boats all over and hold onto significant ports. Once in the past the goods†¦. used to come to Suez and were appropriated by Muslims to the whole world. Yet, presently these merchandise are carried on Portuguese, Dutch, and English ships†¦the Ottomans must hold onto the shores of Yemen and the passing trade†¦otherwise Europeans will Rule† (Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, page 28). Precisely as anticipated, the world exchange, which used to course through the Ottoman Empire, diminished strongly in the seventeenth Century. The Europeans exchanged straightforwardly with Asia leaving the Ottomans in the center. The Dutch and British totally shut the old global exchange courses through the Middle East. The absence of exchange was by all account not the only financial issue that brought the decrease of the Ottoman impact. Expansion assumed an immense job in the destabilization of focal Ottoman forces, along causing distress among the populace. The Ottomans had a silver based money related framework and with the newly discovered metals from the Americas, it caused the unexpected progression of modest and copious silver, which had a cataclysmic monetary effect. The cost of silver fell, bringing a lopsidedness of exchange between the East and West. In the end, organizations couldn't give quality merchandise at costs sufficiently low to rival the modest European fabricated products that entered the realm without limitation because of exchange understandings. This proceeded with swelling made costs fourfold and the downgrading of the coin. Adding to that, a significant part of the states’ income was adhered to the hands of the nearby elites which shows how decentralized the framework had become. Albeit monetary issues influenced the Ottoman Empire enormously, they weren’t the main source for the decrease of the domain. The Ottoman Empire was known as one of the most impressive realms, yet as innovation propelled, their impact of intensity diminished. The Ottoman Empire saw considerable misfortune in their military influence, because of the Janissaries decreasing steadfastness, which was the substance of the military. These janissaries were a profoundly respected military gathering. In spite of the fact that they spoke to and guarded the Ottoman Empire, they were not of Ottoman better than average, yet Europeans who were prepared to be faithful to the Empire. The janissaries were by and large young men between the ages of 8 to 16 who originated from European and Christian country families, who had been taken to Istanbul, the capital of the domain, where they were changed over to Islam. They were the paste which kept the military framework together, and which made it so solid. Be that as it may, beginning in the mid 1600s, the Janissaries started to gradually isolate among themselves, which made the military framework gradually debilitate. They started isolating old versus youthful, and reformers versus enemies of reformers. The Sultans who were attempting to execute changes lost power over the Janissaries who opposed these progressions since they would have implied a misfortune or diminishing in a considerable lot of their benefits. After various rebellions, understanding that there was zero chance in rectifying the circumstance, the Sultans nullified Janissaries in 1826. This caused extraordinary military shortcoming inside the Empire, and basically made the military framework fall in confusion and bedlam. This debilitating of their military made it a perfect situation for outside military clashes, permitting European forces to assume control over pieces of the Ottoman Empire. A great part of the Ottoman military end can be accused on the degenerate organization inside the Empire. The Sultans had found a snappy and simple method of bringing in cash by selling occupations, for example, charge authorities positions to the most elevated bidder. Government authorities known as Viziers were named through control and royal residence favors, instead of the fair being advanced up the managerial stepping stool through understanding and capacity. These viziers were liable for the city and the issues of the region they represented. They issue with giving somebody a high position dependent on the amount they paid is that they didn't have what it takes or experience to appropriately play out the Job. Gaining from the Sultan, this pattern of authorities selling their position spread all through the domain. These degenerate and unfit authorities would utilize their position to crush more expenses from the people. The assessments that were gathered scarcely returned to the state. Much of the time, these viziers would simply save the income for themselves. The defilement began at the most elevated level, and worked its way down the managerial framework, debilitating and upsetting the Government, which made the whole Empire feel the outcomes. The Ottoman Empire was at one point on of the vastest realms ever. Incapable to stay aware of the progressing worldwide market, it turned out to be less of a persuasive exchanging locale. Alongside a precarious economy and a high swelling on their cash, they experienced breakdown of their military. Regardless of whether the Janissaries had not revolted, and really acknowledged pushes toward propelling the Empires military, the modern unrest and the move in worldwide exchange would have starved the realm from the money related intends to endure. Political defilement was a less immediate reason for decrease, as it took numerous years for the whole framework to get defective by it, in any case, the mix of each of the 3 elements brought the destruction of the Ottoman Empire Works Cited â€Å"History of the Ottoman Empire †Decline and Fall. † History of the Ottoman Empire †Decline and Fall. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www. turizm. net/turkey/history/ottoman3. html. Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London: Issued under the Auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U. P. , 1968. Print. Inalc? k, Halil. The Ottoman Empire; the Classical Age, 1300-1600. New York: Praeger, 1973. Print. Step by step instructions to refer to Decline of the Ottoman Empire, Essay models

Early Childhood Teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Youth Teacher - Essay Example A decent youth educator ought to have a comprehension of what the person needs to achieve with their understudies. While the common information is that instructors need to bestow information like an individual stocking meat inside a frankfurter packaging, I accept that they ought to be progressively mindful of the way that understudies have this intrinsic ability to learn and reason out. In this manner, learning doesn't really mean coddling the kids with the things that they have to know where the educator plays a functioning job and the understudies stand by latently. Educators ought to have the option to explain information from the youngsters by animating their young personalities and empowering them to learn. The youngsters need to take a functioning part in learning. They ought not be there just to acknowledge what the educator bestows to them yet they ought to have the option to upgrade their abilities of drawing out the natural ability to think and reason out. Perhaps the best case of this is Socrates' logic where he continually poses inquiries to youth empowering him to invigorate their thinking capacities. He causes his understudy's to understand that they are fit for speculation past and out of the case (Socratic Seminars 2008). In a school setting, this ought to be utilized to little youngsters with the goal for them to obtain the capacity to depend themselves through objective reasoning. For instance, rather than straightforwardly saying that gravity maneuvers everything into the earth surface, the instructor ought to ask understudies what happens when something is dropped. At that point line it up with why they think it is so. At that point, the individual could clarify this is a direct result of a power which pushes everything down. The great instructor can likewise ask understudies occurrences when they feel that the law of gravity is damaged. Little youngsters are generally excellent imitators. Actually, they frequently learn things that they straightforwardly find in their folks, instructors, and different people making up their prompt condition. Impersonating words and activities are their method of learning and investigating their condition. Along these lines, a great youth training instructor is one who satisfies what the individual in question educates inside the study hall. An educator should instruct through their genuine model. It ought to be noticed that when guardians send their youngsters to class, it isn't only the psychological and scholarly limit which they hope to feed yet additionally their kids' character. Hence, it is significant that the instructor's mentality and conduct reflects a better than average person who is ethically magnificent. A decent youth instructor ought to have the option to show a character which is satisfying to each parent or understudy. The individual in question ought to know that her activities will firmly effect and shape the ethical advancement of their understudies. Ridiculing, awful words, eagerness, contemptibility, and injustice have no spot inside a study hall where little youngsters are planned to turn out to be conventional residents (Muir 2007). An educator ought to have the option to back by her activities the words that the individual in question lectures inside the study hall. It is evident that little youngsters respect and regard their instructors considerably more than their folks due as far as anyone is concerned. They consider their to be as

Speech for Speaker Proposing the Motion That, “Cell Phones Use Has Destroyed the Moral of Young People.” free essay sample

Hello, I am proposing the movement that, â€Å"Cell telephones use has demolished the lesson of youngsters. † To begin with, Mobile telephones keep youngsters from mingling a great deal as they would be on their telephones visiting with their companions instead of knowing new individuals. I might want to cite this article I got from the web and I quote, â€Å"Mobile telephones are an interruption from this present reality, keeping kids from associating with people around them. Steady talking, messaging, and games playing replace appropriate mingling. Youngsters grow up without great habits, unfit to identify with everyone around them in a typical manner. They additionally become fat and apathetic, as telephone use swarms out solid action, for example, game or play area games. † The subsequent explanation is that Mobile telephones cause youngsters to cheat during the assessment. There could be numerous ways an understudy can swindle utilizing a cell phone for instance by downloading mark plans of an inquiry paper if it’s a past paper or by sending each other instant message which resembles duplicating in a test. We will compose a custom exposition test on Discourse for Speaker Proposing the Motion That, â€Å"Cell Phones Use Has Destroyed the Moral of Young People.† or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I might want to cite another article from the web and I quote, â€Å"With such a large number of highlights, teenagers are concocting inventive approaches to cheat in class. Telephones are being utilized to content answers, discover answers by means of information access, and store preloaded data for reference. Gone are the days where undermining a test included taking a gander at your neighbors test, murmuring answers, or passing notes. These practices have become out of date because of innovation. In their stead are techniques so dark thus differed that they are getting hard to get. As indicated by a study by the remote affiliation CTIA, 47% of U. S. adolescents can content with their eyes shut. Without taking a gander at the screen, teenagers can undoubtedly message answers unnoticed. † The third explanation I might want to give is that, phones cause understudies to burn through a ton of their time and is exceptionally addictive.. This is likewise one significant reason in low scholastic evaluations. It can likewise cause individuals who are qualified to drive vehicles lose their focus and have a mishap. Mobile phones are viewed as the third most addictive thing in this world as indicated by n article by MSN Money I might want to cite an article from the web, Addiction †¢Excessive PDA utilization can prompt habit, particularly in youngsters, just as time squandered on urgent correspondence with peers by means of instant messages and calls. Car Accidents †¢Talking or sending SMS instant messages on a wireless while driving is demonstrated to be a s risky as driving affected by liquor. The last explanation I might want to make reference to is that Mobile telephones cause youngsters to be occupied in class making them lose focus. For instance, a student’s telephone ring in class can make all the understudies lose their fixation. I might want to cite an article got from the web and I quote, Because mobile phones are so omnipresent today, it isn't phenomenal for individuals to utilize them out in the open. Surely, the periodic mobile phone ringing in the market or park is a characteristic event and occurs so regularly that it gets away from notice. At the point when it is seen, be that as it may, these ringings are normally joined by an aggregate groan of irritation. Similarly as regular is the PDA ringing in the homeroom, and this, as well, vexes anybody in hearing separation. There is, be that as it may, a differentiation between a phone ringing in open territories and ringing in class. Outside, discussions and clamor for the most part cover the sound. In the homeroom, the aggregate focus essential to the learning procedure is disturbed. Consideration is so significant in classes this apparently minor disturbance can really prompt further interruptions, particularly in lower grades.

The Legal Aspects Of Information Technology Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Legal matters are an unavoidable aspect in our day to day life. Many are not aware that their actions have been derived by law at some point. To appreciate this fact it is essential to understand what laws are. Law can be defined as a system of rules and regulations that is set as a framework to guide and regulate behavior of people. It allows the society to function properly by securing justice and peace among the many individuals. One important feature of law is that everyone is identified as having equal rights. No one is above the law is the quote that supports this. Ignorantia legis neminem excusat is also a well heard Latin maxim which relates to law. It translates as Ignorance of the law is not a defense. This implies that a person that has committed an act of wrong cannot claim unawareness to avoid liability. It is therefore assumed that any individual taking part in what is outside the activities of a normal person is aware of what they are doing. The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has increased over the past several years mainly as a result of interconnection of environments. The government of Sri Lanka has actively promoted ICT usage in all the sector s of the economy. As a result the ICT literacy in the country has increased from 9% to 19% in four years. However this increase in usage also came with a price as the number of reporting of abuse and misuse also increased dramatically. For example in 2008, 49 incidents were reported to the Sri Lanka Computer Emergency Response Team (CIRT) but only four in 2007. Laws laid down related to ICT helps the Information Technology (IT) professionals to engage in their practice ethically as law abiding citizens [1]. Divisions of Law As civilization began to expand and human behavior became more complex the law system evolved with it. Different branches of law emerged to handle the different areas of human behavior. Most of the laws within a country can be classified with reference to what it hopes to achieve. However topics such as Public law, Private law, Civil law, Criminal law and Contract law etc. cannot be restricted to one area. Criminal and Civil are the two broad classifications of law. The following table depicts their features. Civil Law Criminal Law Deals with disputes between private parties. It is a deliberate or reckless act that causes harm to another person or property. Cases must be proven on a balance of probabilities if it is more likely than not that the defendant caused harm or loss. To convict someone of a crime, the prosecution must show there is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Remedies are most often monetary. They may include actual damages, as well as pain and suffering. Can including fines and jail time in order to maintain public order. Court Systems of Sri Lanka The Supreme Court The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court in the country. The court rulings have importance over all lower Courts. The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common-law and civil-law [2]. The Court of Appeal This court hears appeals from lower courts. It is the second most senior court in the Sri Lankan legal system, with only the Supreme Court of the Sri Lanka above it. The Court of Appeal hears both criminal appeals in the Criminal Division and civil appeals in the Civil Division. The Criminal Division hears appeals from the Magistrates Courts, while the Civil Division hears appeals from the District courts and High Courts. Decisions may be additionally appealed to the Supreme Court [3]. High Courts High courts handle grave crimes. These courts can be found in the following cities in Sri Lanka Colombo, Kalutara, Galle, Matara, Batti caloa, Jaffna, Chilaw, Negombo, Gampaha, Kegalle, Kurunegala, Kandy, Awissawella, Ratnapura, Badulla and Anuradhapura [4]. District Courts District Courts are established for every judicial district in Sri Lanka. The court sittings are held in a place within the territory of the district. Civil matters and disputes that are less than Rs. 3 million in value are handled by these courts. Appeals against the rulings of these courts are passed to the court of appeal [5]. Supreme Court Court of Appeal Magistrate Court District Court High Court Figure 1: Court System of Sri Lanka Sources of Information Technology Law Legislation Legislation is the formal rules enforced by a body that has constitutional rights to do so. In Sri Lanka the only body having this coherent power is the parliament. Its legislation takes the form of Acts and Ordinances passed by parliament. Thus the parliament is called as the law making authority and it is the main source of law that can be identified. Since the field of IT is growing and its importance is increasing, the Sri Lankan parliament has given special priority to form laws related to this field in order to protect the people. There are several Acts which the Sri Lanka parliament has passed in order to control matters related to IT. Judicial Precedents Judicial Precedents was introduced to Sri Lanka during the British period. This implies that the judges of superior courts such as the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal can create new laws. If a dispute arises relating to a field that is not covered by existing law the decisions of the higher court w ill be binding on the lower courts for future cases. Since crimes relating to IT are evolving in various new forms, there can be gaps in existing laws where a guilty party is able to escape liability. Therefore Judicial Precedents play an active role regarding the laws related to this field. Equity Equity has the meaning Maintaining Justice. Equity helps to eliminate the gaps in the legal system by giving non monitory compensations. Equity has also been responsible for the development of the law of the trusts. So it is necessary to consider about Equity when it comes to IT law since fines and damages are not the only method of compensating the injured party. Religion and Customs Due to the presence of various religions in the country, it is necessary to create laws considering the differences among them. According to their religion peoples mind sets and their behaviors are different. A crime in one religion may not be a crime in a different religion. Certain features set customs to be apart and classified as law. English Law European Union Law Other Sources Legislation Equity The Customary common Law Court of Justice So it is necessary to consider these areas to create new IT laws, since Sri Lanka is a multi-religious and multi-cultural country. Figure 2: Sources of English Law European Union Law Directives Treaties Regulations Decisions Recommendations The European Court of Justice Figure 3: Sources of European Union Law Misuse of Information Technology Cyber Crimes A cybercrime is any criminal dealing done by computers or networks. This type of crime has increased significantly with the introduction of shopping websites that require sensitive information to be passed across the web. The following are related examples [6]. Theft of information contained in electronic form Involves the theft of data that is stored in hard disk or removable storage devices. Email bombing Sending a large number of e-mails to the user which causes the victims mail account or serve to crash. Data diddling The attack focuses on changing the raw data before processing and changing the data back soon after it has been processed. Denial of service attack This involves making the computer handle a large number of requests at a single time which results in a crash and also a denial of service to the authorized users. Hacking offences This will affect reliability, accessibility, and privacy of a computer system or network. These can don e by using viruses, worms etc. Other than this unauthorized obtaining or viewing of information from a computer or storing medium, selling, introducing or issuing any device or computer access code or password, providing access information to a unauthorized personnel or in breach of a contract are also computer crimes. Intellectual Property Intellectual Property rights are introduced to protect the interests of creators by giving them property rights over their creations [7]. Intellectual property refers to creations of human mind. There are two basic categories. They are industrial property and copyright. Industrial property includes inventions, trademarks, industrial designs, and geographical indications of source. Copyright includes artistic creations, and is specially related to our subject as it includes technology based work such as computer programs and multimedia productions. Some extra examples are blueprint of architecture, music and song lyrics, plays and screenp lays, audiovisual recordings such as movies and sound recordings. Printing a web page or its HTML code related to the site and downloading an image to hard disk are ways to violates copyright law when using web sites. Computer programs are also protected under the copyright law. Software piracy is a main concern especially in the Asian part of the world. Several Acts have been passed to minimize this issue. Ex: Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)-United States copyright law Contracts Online A contract is formed when the following features have been fulfilled. An on line contract also falls into this category [8]. Offer A supplier might not want to make his products available to all. Therefore we must determine to whom the offer is being made to. For example an online wine merchant doesnt want to sell alcohol to anyone under eighteen or to person in Saudi Arabia where alcohol is illegal. Acceptance The acceptance of an offer creates a contract .An offer is acc epted when a clear confirmation received. This includes any clear signal to accept the offer conversed to the person making the offer. By clicking I Accept on a web site or sending an e-mail is also a legal form of acceptance. Consideration An exchange of promises creates sufficient consideration for a contract to be formed. For example a customer clicking I Accept and providing credit card information, this will be become consideration for a promise that the advertised goods will be supplied. However there are variations. Allowing downloading freeware or shareware from a web site free of charge is an example. Intention to create legal relations Evidence to be legally bound by a contract is not a necessity. The duty of proving that there wasnt an intantion is on the party who declares that no legal outcome was intended. Regulating the use of Information Technology Since the increase in IT usage has expanded over the resent years IT law has been introduced as a method to govern the process of handling information digitally. The legal protection extends to different areas that relate to computer software, access and usage control etc. It is important to handle these crimes to protect all the users because nowadays it is hard to find out somebody who is not using computers or Internet in their day to day life. The following are methods that have been devised to archive this. Local and Foreign Acts For ICT to contribute to the growth of the economy, users must have a guarantee on the safety and dependability of these technologies. Acts enacted by the parliament helps achieve this objective. These Acts govern the prosecution of computer-related crimes. These are now widely used in many countries including our country. Some mostly used Acts are listed below. Foreign Acts Foreign Acts Copyright Act Computer Information Technology Council of Sri Lanka Act No 10 of 1984 The Communications Decency Act of 1996 Electronic Transactions Act No.19 of 2006 The National Stolen Property Act Computer Crime Act No.24 of 2007 Mail and wire fraud statutes Payment Devices Frauds Act No.30 of 2006 The Electronic Communications Privacy Act Electronic Transaction Act No.19 of 2006 The Child Pornography Prevention Act Information Communication Technology Act-No.27 of 2003 The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 Intellectual property Act 36 of 2003 Dispute Resolution Dispute resolution is used to describe the ways an industrial dispute, whether or not it has resulted in industrial action, may be settled [8]. There are many services available for dispute resolution. Creative Dispute Resolution is one of them that provide mediation, arbitration and other alternative dispute resolution (ADR) services. This has designed to help resolve conflicts of individuals, attorneys and companies etc. ADR s. main advantage is that it provides services to individuals and organizations to resolve their conflicts out of court. It provides administrative services to contact with mediators and arbitrators. Some areas distribute Resolution services addresses are employment, intellectual property, and technology. Many countries have implemented dispute resolution policies for Internet domain names. Ex: ir Domain name dispute resolution policy for. Conclusion IT is a fast moving industry all around the world. Each day new technology is being added and the previous versions evolve beyond recognition. The legal system must be able to sustain this rapid development. Interconnections through networks cut across geographical boundaries and have defined a new set of boundaries that is known as cyberspace. This environment needs laws and legal institutions of its own as territory based legal systems are not sufficient. Throughout the increase in complexity of IT, the legal operations that have been enforced for its protection has not been sufficient. It is an issue that is being faced all around the world and Sri Lanka is also one of its many victims. Although the government has taken many measures such as to enforce major set of Acts such as Computer Crimes Act, information and Communication technology act etc. it has still not been enough to match the flow of development in the field of IT.

Racial Diversity And The School System - 1769 Words

The discussion of integration in schools have multiple forces that continue to be examined today by race and class. Stratification in today’s school systems are segregation in residential neighborhoods. Most attendance in public schools are determined largely by where students live. Predominantly white suburbs and poor minority neighborhoods both are grouped by income and race. This particular grouping can create school districts to be separated by race. Segregation in urban areas of North Carolina schools could be a concern, and the recent expansion of charter schools has brought up new fears with regard to the district’s desegregation efforts. Does school choice impact racial diversity and the achievement gap in North Carolina schools? Residential segregation has been a large focal point in education policies since Brown v. Board of Education overturned the â€Å"separate but equal† act for blacks and whites in 1954. 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evidenced based nursing - 1806 Words

Mark Foust NU1210 Final Project: Evidenced-Based Practices in Nursing Due Date: November 19, 2014 The definition of Evidence Based Practice (EBP) is â€Å"professional understanding and action that is based on the thoughtful use of knowledge and information from available, reliable, and dependent sources† (Brown, 2002). The definition also includes the balance of clinical experience, proven evidence from scientific studies with patient input. This input from patients will incorporate their culture, values and other preferences.. Evidence Based Practice is a fluent process that requires nurses to be current and correct on information as it pertains to their daily practice. The intent of EBP is to improve the quality of the care that is†¦show more content†¦Patient centered care is just as it sounds, care that places the patient first. There are many advantages to patient centered care for the child in the hospital. The main benefit is continuity of care. 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Qumran, the Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls Essay Example For Students

Qumran, the Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls Essay Qumran, The Essenes and the Dead Sea ScrollsPreambleThe grass withers and the flowers fall but the word of our God stands forever Isaiah 40.8Mohammed Dib, a Bedouin shepherd of the TAmireh tribe (Keller, 1957, 401) could not have known that he would be the person who, in 1947, would bring to bear the words of Isaiah 40.8 This shepherd boy had been clambering around the clefts and gullies of a rock face on Wadi Qumran, north of the Dead Sea hoping to find one of his lost lambs. Thinking that it could have taken refuge in a cave he threw stones at the opening. He heard a jar break, became fearful and ran to fetch his fellow tribesmen. What they discovered were written scrolls of ancient papyrus, stuffed in jars and wrapped in linen. The Bedouins thought that they could make money on the black market in Bethlehem so sold them for a few shekels. A bundle of four of these scrolls was purchased by the Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem, Yeshue Samuel who then stored them in St. Marks Monaste ry. (Albright, 1954, 403)From this point in time interest in the scrolls escalated and in 1949 the Oriental Institute in Chicago invited Yeshue Samuel to submit the scrolls for examination. The Dead Sea Scrolls were given extensive and exhaustive examinations including carbon testing which indicated that because the linen they were wrapped in was made from flax which had been harvested in the time of Christ that the scrolls were seen to have been copied around 100 B.C. (Albright, 1954, 404). From the time of the initial discovery there was also an upsurge in archeological expeditions to the area. One such expedition was in 1949 when Father Roland de Vaux, Dominican Director of the French Ecole Biblique et Archeologique at Jerusalem and Professor Lankester Harding the British Director of the Department of Antiquities in Amran arrived in Qumran. After the initial disappointment of finding no complete scrolls or jars they literally examined the floor of the cave with their fingernail s. What they found allowed them to come to some astonishing conclusions (they found fragments and potsherds relating to Graeco-Roman times, dating from 30 B.C. to A.D. 70. Six hundred tiny scraps of leather and papyrus made it possible to recognize Hebrew transcriptions from Genesis, Deuteronomy, and the book of Judges, pieces of linen fabric which had served to wrap up the scrolls completed the meager spoils. (Keller,406-407)Professor Lankester Harding stated in a journal article for the Society of Oriental Research in 1956 thatThese unexpected discoveries are perhaps the most sensational archeological event of our time. There have been 400 manuscripts including 100 Biblical manuscriptsdiscovered. These include every book in the Old Testament with the exception of Esther. The best known is the complete book of Isaiah. The scrolls and fragmentsWhich come from Qumran date from 200 B.C. to A.D. 68. Those from Wadi Murabbaat go up to A.D. 132-135. In the Khirbet Qumran near the cave wh ere the first discoverieswere made there has been found the ruins of a cemetery and a settlement which had beenthe nucleus of a Jewish community which Father de Vaux views as possibly being the wilderness retreat of the Essenes. It will take a whole generation of Biblical scholars toassess the value of these manuscripts (Harding, 1956)IntroductionIndeed, some 50 years have elapsed and many Biblical scholars have assessed the manuscripts. It will not be the purposes of this paper to debate the validity of the documents nor enter into archeological debate, this paper however will in Section 1, provide further historical evidence in support of the Essenes sect dwelling at Qumran. The writer will present an outline of the monastic lifestyle of the Essenes, their closed community, their laws and beliefs. The hypothesis of this paper will be to attest that the Essenes were a separatist Jewish sect who formed an ascetic monastic community at Qumran. The writer will also attest as a second point that it is possible from the accounts of various writers studied for this research paper (Lohse,1974 et.al) to formulate a theory supporting the Essenes copying or collecting the scrolls at Qumran and depositing them in the caves of the adjacent hills for safe keeping. The next section of this paper will focus on providing an outline of the contents of the scrolls and the identification system of the Dead Sea Scrolls and fragments of the manuscripts. The emphasis will be placed on those scrolls, which are seen to relate to the Essene community and those scrolls, which are books of the Bible. The writer will expand on the theory that the Essenes may have believed they were living their last days and may have interpreted writings by the prophets in the Old Testament as relating to the end of the w orld as they knew it. A further point, which is only a notion of the writer and certainly only conjecture, will be that because the Dead Sea Scrolls are the oldest known copies of Jewish scripture in existence, that the study of the community who lived at Qumran may provide us with further evidence in the scrolls of the coming of Jesus Christ. Because of the time the Essenes dwelt at Qumran there may even be links to the Essenes having met with Jesus and studied Jesus words as well as the words of the Old Testament which were preserved in the scrolls although this is not within the scope of this paper to enter into such an advances theological and historical debate, These points will be raised as points of interest only. This paper will rely upon the first hand reports of three writers of the historical period to provide a glimpse into the lifestyle of the Essenes. These writers being the Jewish philosopher of Egyptian dispersion Philo of Alexandria, Egypt, Flavius Josephus, the famous Jewish historian and priest-general at the time of the Jewish War and Pliny the Elder who died in 79 A.D. Pliny incorporated information about the sect in his work entitled Natural History. (Dupont-Summer,1967) Josephus was born and raised in Judea where the Essenes actually dwelled (Dupont-Summer, 1967) and wrote his first account of the Essene community between 70 and 75 A.D (Burrows, 1958). These writers give an historical outline of the Essene philosophy and lifestyle. Josephus, Philo and Pliny will be quoted and paraphrased leaving the skeletal framework of the Essenes lifestyle and beliefs to give an overview of the Essene community. Josephus wrote the first reference to the Essenes in his document entitled The J ewish War. He states that the Essenes had an uncanny ability to successfully predict future events as well as a unique philosophy (Josephus,1958). He goes on to sayThe Essenes are Jews by race, but are more closely united among themselvesby mutual affection, and by their efforts to cultivate a particularly saintly life. They renounce pleasure as an evil, and regard continence and resistance to passionsas a virtue. They disdain marriage for themselves, being content to adopt thechildren of others at a tender age in order to instruct them. They despise riches. When they enter the sect they must surrender all of their money and possessions intothe common fund, to be put at the disposal of everyone; one single property for thewhole group. Therefore neither the humiliation of poverty nor the pride of possessionis to be seen anywhere among them. They make a point of having their skindry and of always being clothed in white garments. In their various communaloffices, the administrators are elected and appointed without distinction. Theyare not just in one town only, but in every town several of them form a colony. they welcome members from out of town as co-equal brothers and even thoughperfect strangers, as though they were intimate friends. For this reason they carrynothing with them when they travel, they are, however, armed against brigands. They do not change their garments or shoes until they have completely worn out. They neither buy nor sell anything among themselves. They give to each other freelyand feel no need to repay anything in exchange. Before sunrise they recite certainancestral prayers to the sun as though entreating it to rise. They work until about 11 am when they put on ritual loincloths and bathe for purification. They then enter a communal hall, where no one else is allowed and eat only one bowl full of food for each man, together with their loaves of bread. They eat in silence and afterward they lay aside their sacred garmentand go back to work until the evening. At evening they partake dinner in the same manner. They are very careful not to exhibit their anger, careful ly controlling such outbursts. They are very loyal and are peacemakers. They refuse to swear oaths, believing themselves to be stronger than an oath. They are scrupulous students of the ancient literature. They are ardentstudents in the healing of diseases, of the roots offering protection and of the propertyof stones. They are sworn to love truth and to pursue liars. They must never steal. They are not allowed to keep any secrets from other members of the sect; but they are warned to reveal nothing to outsiders, even under the pain of death. They are not allowed to alter the books of the sect, and must keep all the information secret. The name of the Lawgiver, after God, is a matter of great veneration to them; if anyone blasphemed the name of the lawgiver he was sentenced to death. Those members convicted of grave faults are expelled from the order. In matters of judgment the Essenes leaders are very exact and impartial. (Josephus, 1958)Philos accounts of the EssenesThe Essenes li ve in a number of towns in Judea, and also in many villages and inlarge groups. They do not enlist by race, but by volunteers who have a zeal forrighteousness and an ardent love of men. For this reason there are no young children,or even adolescents or young men amount the Essenes. Instead they are menof old or ripe years, who have leaned to control their bodily passions. Theypossess nothing of their own, not house, field, slave nor flocks and live togetherin brotherhoods and eat in common together. They do not offer animal sacrifices. Superman vs. Christ EssayOnly the findings which are seen to relate exclusively to the theory presented in this paper that there was a community at Qumran are listed below. This is by no means an exhaustive list of the total findings at Qumran and surrounding areas but relate purely to the theory presented in this paper as the possibility of the sect who lived at Qumran being the Essenes and as such, they were the sect who transcribed and preserved the manuscripts found at Qumran. These manuscripts or fragments are:Rule of the Community (or Manual of Discipline IQS) comes from the early years of the sect in theSecond Century B.C. Some have thought that the sects founder The Teacher of Rightiousness is the author and was seen as a working manual for the sect of the Essenes. (p371)Rule of the Congregation (or Messianic Rule iQSa) commences with a rule for all the congregation of Israel at the end of days. There is reference to the blessing of the bread and wine and the Messiah of Isr ael extending his hand over the bread. (p372)Book of Blessings (iQSb) This scroll contained a collection of benedictions for the Faithful, the High Priest, the Sons of Zadok the Priest, and the Prince of the Congregation. Scholars have found biblical basis from Genesis 1:27, Matt 19:4 and Matt 12:11 (p372)Damascus Document (CD) in this there are exhortations which offer a brief history of the sect which entered into a new covenant and went from the land of Judea to the land of Damascus. They pledged to keep the commandments of the teacher until the coming of the Anointed One out of Aaron and Israel and prescriptions which offer information about the community. (p374))War Scroll (iQM) this gives the Rule for the War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness. The Sons of Light are the exiles of the wilderness and the Sons of Darkness are the traditional enemies or Israel in the Old Testament. (p375)Thanksgiving Hymns (iQH) scholars suggest that the hymns were written by the Teacher of Righteousness and that the author as one to whom God has given his mysteries and to be the bearer and interpreter of Gods Truth (p374)Habakkuk Commentary (iQpHab)- this is a major surviving representation of the genre of writing much employed at Qumran which is characterized by the interpretation of Biblical text as foretelling contemporary events. This method of dealing with biblical texts is important to Early Christian interpretation of the Old Testament. (p375)Genesis Apocraphron (iQapGen) rewriting and supplementing Genesis seems to have been a popular thing to do in late Judaism. This work is perhaps valuable for providing a sample of Aramaic at the beginning of the Christian era. (p376)Copper Scroll (3Q15 or 3Qtreasure) this contains a list of topographical treasures and their hiding places. The treasures may or may not have had anything to do with the Qumran but may have been the Essenes method of attempting to preserve treasures in the event of a Roman or othe r invasion. (p376)Temple Scroll (iiQTemple) Approximately 28 feet long, this is the longest of the scrolls and contain points of contact with the Qumran community in relation to interpreting the law and the calendar. The handwriting of the scroll is that of the early first century. (p376-377)The scrolls mentioned above all make mention of some part of the Qumran community. And are further evidence to support the theory of this paper that there was a community at Qumran which was monastic in its habits and was entrusted to copying and preserving the scrolls. From the accounts of Josephus, Philo and Pliny already stated, one could now begin to piece together the community at Qumran itself, its daily life, its beliefs and its philosophies. To give the Essenes priority as being this community would not, I believe be presumptuous. Having read some accounts of the Pharisees, Sadducces, and Zealots, none of these sects come close to the Essenes in lifestyle and beliefs.. Given the documented laws and philosophies of the community and the findings in the scrolls it is the writers notion that the thesis of this paper can be supported. Because of the time frame in which the Essenes are reported to have lived it may even be reasonable to suggest that some circumstantial evidence may even be available to support the theory that the Essenes at some point in time met with or even followed the teachings of Jesus! This theory could be a paper on its own merits therefore only two points will be made which may support this theory. There are two references to the Anointed One in the accounts above as well as references to the Messiah! Two theories emerge as to who the Anointed One may have been. Firstly, this person may have actually been the sects founder, The Teacher of Righteousness, or secondly, it might just as easily be argued that this person was actually Jesus. There is certainly only one Messiah, so did the Essenes know of Jesus or did they know from the prophesies of the Old Testament? There is evidence that scholars have found fragments of Matthew 12:11 if this is the case then there the case becomes somewhat stronger because the actual text of Matthew 12:11 has Jesus actually saying if any of you has a sheep that has fallen into a pit on the Sabbath, will you not take hold of it and lift it out NIV. Did the Essenes know of Jesus prior to Matthew writing his Gospel? Were the Essenes entrusted to the copying of Matthews Gospel or did the Essenes actually walk with Jesus? There are certainly some schoo ls of thought which may support this theory. The community was seen as one which was pious with intense religious fervor, a community which by its own doctrine may have given others the opinion that they were selfless servants who were perhaps delivering messages from the Messiah in their writings. Whether it will ever be established that the Essenes were connected with the teachings of Jesus will probably to coin the words of Lankaster take another generation of Biblical Scholars to assess the value of the manuscripts!ConclusionFor most Christians, the scrolls at Qumran are living proof that the scriptures we have today stem from documents that have changed little, if at all, over two thousand years of copying and re copying. Accounts of the historical scholars of the Essenes lifestyle are indicators of their beliefs and capacity to adequately copy documents. We as Christians are indeed fortunate to have the words of the Bible exist in a state able to be translated by scholars as living proof of our faith and our history. The Dead Sea scrolls found at Qumran ring out absolute proof of the prophesy in the Old Testament to the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. Mohammed Dib, the Bedouin shepherd could not have known in 1947 when he found the Dead Sea Scrolls that he had just walked a similar path to the young Saul, who went out to find his fathers lost donkeys and inherited a kingdom. 1Sam.9 NIV. He could not have known that The Dead Sea scrolls, not only would give the world historical evidence of the existence of the Essenes as a sect of Judiasm and perhaps proof of his own ancestry but they also give the world proof that the words of the Bible could not have been invented for the purpose of Christianity, that they are in fact the Word of God. Works CitedAlbright, W.F. Archeology and the Religion of Israel. The Bible as History Ed. Werner Keller. Trans. William Neil. London: 1956 Hodder and Stoughton. 403Burrows, Millar. More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls and New Interpretations. New York: 1955. The Viking Press. 1958. 180. Dupont-Sommer, A. The Essene Writings from Qumran. New York: 1962. 23-38Ferguson, F. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 1987. Grand Rapids, Mich: 1990. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1990. 369-421Harding, L. Journal of the Society of Oriental Research (JSOR). The Bible as History. Ed. Werner Keller. Trans. William Neil. London: 1956 Hodder and Stoughton. 409- 410Josephus Flavius, The Jewish War. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. 1959 Penguin Books Ltd. 129Lohse, E. The new Testament Environment. Trans. John E. Steeley. 1974 London: SCM Press. 1989: 89-115Tushingham, A. Douglas. The Men who hid the Dead Sea Scrolls. December. 1958: National Geographic MagazineVardaman, J. The Earliest Fragments of the New Testament. 1971-72: Expository Times 374-376